Pdf principles of ion exchange chromatography wahab usaid. The ion exchange process is widely used for the removal of hardness as in softening, heavy metals as in waste treatment, radionuclides as from power plants and municipal water feeds removal of nitrates, arsenic, perchlorate, hexavalentchrome and others. Ge healthcares life sciences business offers a wide variety of prepacked columns and readytouse chromatography media. Ppt ion exchange chromatography powerpoint presentation. Ion exchange chromatography is the reversible adsorption of charged molecules to immobilized ion groups on a matrix of an opposite charge. The sample is introduced then flows through the guard and into the analytical ion exchange columns where the ion exchange separation occurs. Pierce ion exchange spin column purification example. Fundamentals of ion exchange ion exchange is the reversible interchange of ions between a solid ion exchange material and a liquid in which there is no permanent change in the structure of the solid. The charged group of qsepharose is a quarternary amine which carries a nontitratable positive charge. The crude sample containing charged molecules is used as the liquid phase. While the chemistry of individual ion exchange reactions varies from one application to the next, ix is a treatment process where dissolved ions are replaced by other, more desirable, ions of a similar electrical charge. Ion exchange columns introduction ion exchange resins are used in columns, in principle similar to those used for sand filters or activated carbon.
The main component of the ion exchanger is a cylindrical steel tank with the following typical dimensions. Pdf q sepharose high performance and sp sepharose high. Ion exchange as a physical process during ion exchange the ions being exchanged are reversibly removed from the wastewater and transferred to the ion exchanger this means that ion exchange is a physical separation process in which the ions exchanged are not chemically altered since the chemical characteristics of the ions. Two strong exchangers are qsepharose fast flow and spsepharose fast flow. Ensure that there is sufficient equilibration time between runs. The exchange medium can be natural zeolites or synthetic resin beads that resemble wet sand. In the ion exchange process, sodium ions are used to coat an exchange. After reading this article you will learn about the cation and anion exchange in soil. Iex chromatography is used in the separation of charged biomolecules. The total salt content of water remains unchanged with this process. More precisely, the term encompasses a large variety of processes where ions are exchanged between two electrolytes. Practical aspects of performing a separation are covered in chapter 2.
Ion exchange chromatography is a process for separating proteins and other molecules in a solution based on differences in net charge. Ion exchange plant design some basic principles you will not find here a complete plant design manual. This lab activity involves using a protein mix, consisting of hemoglobin and cytochrome c, and running ion exchange chromatography to separate the proteins. Usage examples continuous ion exchangers are used when it is imperative that product be continually generated. Variable retention times check the eluent concentration and pump stability. In the softening of water by the ion exchange process, the calcium and magnesium ions are removed from the solution and the exchanger solid releases sodium. Ionexchange reaction applications of ion exchange britannica. For this reason, natural water does not exist as a chemically pure substance. Ion exchange chromatography the wolfson centre for applied. Aside from its use to purify drinking water, the technique is widely applied for purification and. An important use of ion exchange chromatography is in the routine analysis of amino acid mixtures.
Hitrap q hp is a strong anion exchange chromatography column for highresolution, smallscale protein purification. Ion exchange chromatography which is designed specifically for the separation of differently charged or ionizable compounds comprises from mobile and stationary phases similar to other forms of column based liquid chromatography techniques 911. This matrix can be used at alkaline ph values at which. Ion exchange chromatography resins can be used at high flow rates, because binding kinetics for iex are fast, and rigid chromatography particles can be used. Ionic components of the mixture are differentially retained on the column by their differing affinities for ionic sites on the ion exchange resin. The net surface charge of proteins varies according to the surrounding ph. Zorbax ion exchange columns are available as both strong anionexchange sax and strong cationexchange 300scx columns. Column separation, batch separation or 65 expanded bed adsorption the scale of the separation. Since most ion exchange processes are reversible, the ion. Deae sephacel and sephadex based ion exchangers103. The basic process of chromatography using ion exchange can be represented in 5 steps as.
Ion exchange describes a specific chemical process in which unwanted dissolved ions are exchanged for other ions with a similar charge. Ionexchange chromatography and its applications intechopen. Guide to ion exchange chromatography 3 introduction cont. Ion exchange is used in water treatment and also provides a method of separation in many nonwater processes. Ion exchange is a water treatment process commonly used for water softening or demineralization, but it also is used to remove other substances from the water in processes such as dealkalization, deionization, and disinfection but what exactly is it. Ionexchange chromatography is a type of chromatography where ions or polar molecules can be separated by their interactions mostly by reversible adsorption with oppositely charged ion exchange groups immobilized on an insoluble support. Ion exchange usually describes a processes of purification of aqueous solutions using solid polymeric ion exchange resin. With ionexchange softening, the calcium and magnesium ions are exchanged for sodium ions. For example, retention of a metal cation on a cationexchange resin occurs by the following reaction. May 18, 2019 ion exchange resins are used in columns, in principle similar to those used for sand filters or activated carbon.
Diameter 12 m height 34 m typical to the adsorption tanksthe ion exchange bed occupies meters of the tank height and supported from the bottom with an under drain system. Hitrap q hp anion exchange chromatography column cytiva. Ion exchange starts with the equilibration of the exchanger using ph, and ionic strength. For organic ions, check secondary hydrophobic interactions switch to more hydrophilic ion exchange column if available. Ion exchange chromatography iex separates biomolecules according to differences in their net surface charge. Separation can be selectively achieved by adsorption and release of samples from the matrix. Ion exchange chromatography 1 ion exchange chromatography. Types of ion exchange resins most ion exchange materials currently used in industrial applications are synthetic compounds traditionally known as resins. The surface of an ion exchange material can be thought of as a permeable membrane, where there is high flux of ions from the bulk solution to the pore space. It is assumed that the breakthrough capacity remains the same. A highperformance liquid chromatographic method using a borateformate buffer system and an aminex a27 ionexchange resin has been developed for the separation of heptose nucleotides from. Ion exchange takes place in one column, while the resin in the second column is being regenerated, resulting in continuous operation. Steps to design an ion exchange resin system accurate system design is critical to getting the most from a water treatment system.
Sodium ions are supplied from dissolved sodium chloride salt, also called brine. As hard water passes through a softener, the calcium and magnesium trade places with sodium ions figure 1. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. Check injection volumes and concentrations of sample and standard. The naturally hydrophilic polymer reduces nonspecific adsorption, resulting in quantitative recovery of proteins while maintaining bioactivity. Ion exchange columns ion exchange is based on sorption, the transfer of solutes from fluid to solid particles.
Ion exchange is used for both analytical and preparative purposes in the laboratory, the analytical uses being the more common. Small 34 m bead size delivers highperformance, highresolution purifications. Undesired anions or cations from a liquid are exchanged for ions. Application of ion chromatography to the investigation of. Guide to ionexchange chromatography harvard apparatus. Select the ion exchange medium according to the objective of the purification. In a near neutral soil, calcium remains adsorbed on colloidal particle. What is an ion exchange system and how does it work.
Pdf principles of ion exchange chromatography wahab. One is configured for anion analysis and the other for transition metal detection. In other words, when the chloride elutes from the column, what you observe in the mobile phase is that the total concentration of anions equals 0. Cation exchange chromatography is a form of ion exchange chromatography iex, which is used to separate molecules based on their net surface charge. Two ion chromatography instruments are available for this experiment. A typical ion chromatography consists of several components as shown in figure 3. If stability is high over a wide ph range on both sides of the pi, use either type of ion exchanger. Ion exchange chromatography using a cation exchanger.
Chem 2115 experiment six separation of a mixture by ion. Cation exchange chromatography, more specifically, uses a negatively charged ion exchange resin with an affinity for molecules having net positive surface charges. Principles of ion exchange this chapter provides a general introduction to the theoretical principles that underlie every ion exchange separation. For example, retention of a metal cation on a cation exchange resin occurs by the following reaction. Their analysts see increased nuclear power demand and stringent environmental. Ion exchange is typically employed for separating radionuclides at low concentrations from aqueous effluent streams from radioactive processing facilities, though it. The results of experiments were compared with those of the previous research studies done by kwr 2005 and ekowati 2014 and were found to be comparable.
When it passes through the chromatographic column, molecules bind to oppositely charged sites in the stationary phase. Continuous ion exchangers consist of two columns in parallel. Cipp capture, intermediate purification, polishing. The basic process of chromatography using ion exchange can be represented in 5 steps. For this purpose, the water is passed over a strongly acidic cation exchanger loaded with sodium ions. In the ion exchange process, sodium ions are used to coat an exchange medium in the softener. Property technique charge ion exchange chromatography iex. The handbook is illustrated with examples of dif ferent types. Each unit with a capacity of 120m3hour average breakthrough capacity of 2. The stationary phase surface displays ionic functional groups that interact with analyte ions of opposite charge. When an ion exchange chromatography column is loaded. If sample components are most stable below their pi, use a cation exchanger.
Separation is based on the reversible interaction between a charged molecule and an oppositely charged chromatography medium. Zorbax ion exchange columns are available as both strong anion exchange sax and strong cation exchange 300scx columns. Small units are made of fiberglass reinforced plastic, and units used in the food industry are often made of stainless steel. An impure protein sample is loaded into the ion exchange chromatography column at a particular ph. These are pressure vessels, usually made of rubberlined steel. Only a few general recommendations to ensure that an ion exchange system is designed economically and to achieve good performance, and a simple, but detailed example. Contact between the solution and the ion exchange material is usually achieved within a column, with the solution flowing either upwards or downwards though the ion exchange bed. Ion exchange chromatography ge healthcare life sciences. If sample components are most stable above their pi, use an anion exchanger. Anion exchange chromatography is a form of ion exchange chromatography iex, which is used to separate molecules based on their net surface charge.
An understanding of these principles will enable the separation power of ion exchange chromatography iex to be fully appreciated. Ionexchange chromatography an overview sciencedirect. Negatively charged molecules bind to positively charged solid supports and positively charged molecules bind to negatively charged supports. Buffering ions of opposite charge may take part in the ion exchange process and cause local disturbances in ph. Columns of cation exchange resin are used, and the solutions are maintained sufficiently. Continuous ion exchange processes take place in a column or vessel containing a deep bed of ion exchange resin beads. Hitrap sp hp, 1 ml and 5 ml hitrap q hp, 1 ml and 5 ml. Each column is packed with bonded, 5 m, spherical silica particles for optimum efficiency in separating and purifying biological macromolecules, including proteins, peptides and polynucleotides. Considerations when selecting a suitable iex medium. Ion exchange is a reversible chemical reaction wherein an ion an atom or a molecule that has lost or gained an electron and thus acquired an electrical charge from a wastewater solution is exchanged for a similarly charged ion attached to an immobile solid particle. Ion exchange reaction ion exchange reaction applications of ion exchange. Ion exchange chromatography columns and resins ge healthcare.
Key steps in the ion exchange chromatography procedure are listed below. Ion exchange iex chromatography can separate molecules or groups of molecules that have only slight differences in charge. This handbook is designed as an intr oduction to the principles of ion exchange chromatography and as a practical guide to the use of the media available fr om pharmacia biotech. The eluent is delivered to the system using a highpressure pump. Ion exchange is pr obably the most fr equently used chr omatographic technique for the separation and purification of pr oteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids, polynucle otides, and other char ged biomolecules 1. After rehydration add a 2ml collection tube to the bottom of the spincolumn and centrifuge for 1 minutes at rpm. Principle of ion exchange chromatography ion exchange iex chromatography can separate molecules or groups of molecules that have only slight differences in charge. Mobil phases consist an aqueous buffer system into which the mixture to be resolved. Ionic components of the mixture are differentially retained on the column by their differing affinities for ionic sites on the ionexchange resin.
Ion exchange chromatography column with cmcellulose resins 0. Since dozens of factors can impact the productivity of the system, the cadix system design software program from dow offers precise design recommendations to optimize system performance. Basic principles of ion chromatography chemistry libretexts. Aside from its use to purify drinking water, the technique is widely applied for purification and separation of a variety of industrially and medicinally. Regeneration occurs with a common salt solution of an elevated concentration. For example, in a sodium zeolite softener, scaleforming calcium and magnesium ions are replaced with sodium ions.
Columns of cation exchange resin are used, and the solutions are maintained sufficiently acid so that the amino acids are. Ion exchange chromatography is the purification technique, which involves the separation of the proteins based on the ions exchange property between the proteins and the column. Ion exchange chromatography or ion chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to ion exchangers. At iec most contaminants move rapidly through the post column system and are discarded before separation of amino acids begins, resulting in better performance. Ion exchange columns and media hebrew university of. Jan 09, 2020 ion exchange chromatography chromatography is the separation of a mixture of compounds into its individual components based on their relative interactions with an inert matrix. Ion exchange columns and media wolfson centre home page.
Ion exchange columns and media selection guide imagination at work. The technique of ion exchange chromatography is based on this interaction. Elution is the process where the compound of interest is moved through the column. Cation exchange involves the replacement of the hardness ions with a nonhardness ion. Ion exchange chromatography instrumentation online. Representation of an anion exchange column when using phthalate ion for indirect spectrophotometric detection. Ion exchange chromatography thermo fisher scientific. Ion exchangers are polymeric materials with high concentrations of fixed charges i. Ion exchange ix systems are used across a variety of industries for water softening, purification, and separation purposes. Packed with q sepharose high performance strong quaternary ammonium anion exchange resin. Ion exchangers exchange one ion for another, hold it temporarily, and then release it to a regenerant solution. Ion exchange chromatography ion exchange chromatography is probably the most frequently used and versatile method for fractionating biological substances, even proteins and peptides with small differences in. The buffering ion should carry the same charge as the ion exchange group and should have a pka within 0. Guide to ionexchange chromatography 5 protocol samples the spincolumns are supplied dry and need to be rehydrated, the bed of ion exchange resin with starting buffer allow 1015 minutes for rehydration.
Anion exchange chromatography, more specifically, uses a positively charged ion exchange resin with an affinity for molecules having net negative surface charges. The allowable effluent concentration, ca, is 5% co. Separation and determination of the amino acids by ion. Ion exchange processes can be conducted in continuous or batch mode, with most water treatment ix processes run in a continuous mode.
215 586 711 1640 575 1674 1294 1340 268 157 720 1248 51 1626 1600 440 335 973 1512 862 1427 943 74 982 677 200 59 1031 505 699 1110 400 496 909 214 1281 55 1112 948 1434